JavaScript - Tutorial

JavaScript - Introduction

What is JavaScript ?

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most

commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to

interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming

language with object-oriented capabilities.

JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript,

possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first

appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-purpose core

of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web

browsers.

The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript language.

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

Designed for creating network-centric applications.

Complementary to and integrated with Java.

Complementary to and integrated with HTML.

Open and cross-platform

Client-Side JavaScript

Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should be

included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by the

browser.

It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that

interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.

The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional CGI

server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has entered

a valid e-mail address in a form field.

The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the entries

are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.

JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link navigation,

and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

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Advantages of JavaScript

The merits of using JavaScript are −

Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off

to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.

Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload

to see if they have forgotten to enter something.

Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user

hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-

drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript

We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the following

important features −

Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been

kept for security reason.

JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such

support available.

JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor capabilities.

Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows you

to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development

tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted

language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need to buy a compiler.

To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript editing

tools. Some of them are listed here −

Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called

FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of JavaScript

tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.

Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very

popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development crowd. It

provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates well with

databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.

Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript

editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites effectively.

Where is JavaScript Today ?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over four

years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the difference

between the two is extremely minor.

The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site: https://www-

archive.mozilla.org/js/language/js20-2002-04/

Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript standard,

although both the languages still support the features that are not a part of the standard.

JavaScript - Syntax

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within the

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your web

page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the <head> tags.

The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between

these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.

JavaScript code

</script>

The script tag takes two important attributes −

Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.

Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and

XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting

language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript segment will look like −

JavaScript code

</script>

Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML

comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser that

does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//" signifies a

comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading the end of the

HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a function document.write

which writes a string into our HTML document.

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following code.

<html>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Hello World!")

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

This code will produce the following result −

Hello World!

Example

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You can

use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to format and

indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to read and

understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as

they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if

each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following code

could be written without semicolons.

<!--

var1 = 10

var2 = 20

//-->

</script>

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −

<!--

var1 = 10; var2 = 20;

//-->

</script>

Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,

variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a

consistent capitalization of letters.

So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.

NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript

JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −

Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored

by JavaScript.

Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span

multiple lines.

JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--. JavaScript

treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.

The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it

should be written as //-->.

Example

The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

<!--

// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

* This is a multi-line comment in JavaScript

* It is very similar to comments in C Programming

//-->

</script>

Enabling JavaScript in Browsers

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently, you may

need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains the procedure of

enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox,

chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are simple steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in your Internet Explorer −

Follow Tools → Internet Options from the menu.

Select Security tab from the dialog box.

Click the Custom Level button.

Scroll down till you find Scripting option.

Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.

Finally click OK and come out

To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select Disable radio

button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox −

Open a new tab → type about: config in the address bar.

Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!

Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.

In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.

There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-clicking on the

value of that option → select toggle.

If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If javascript is

disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

JavaScript in Chrome

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome −

Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.

Select Settings.

Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.

Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.

In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or

"Allow all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera −

Follow Tools → Preferences from the menu.

Select Advanced option from the dialog box.

Select Content from the listed items.

Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.

Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in your Opera, you should not select the Enable JavaScript

checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a warning

message to the user using <noscript> tags.

You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows −

<html>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Hello World!")

//-->

</script>

Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.

</noscript>

</body>

</html>

Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not enabled, then

the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.

JavaScript - Placement in HTML File

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document.

However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows −

Script in <head>...</head> section.

Script in <body>...</body> section.

Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.

Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.

In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in

different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere,

then you will place that script in the head as follows −

<html>

<head>

<!--

function sayHello() {

alert("Hello World")

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in the

page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case, you would

not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Hello World")

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

This code will produce the following results −

Example

Hello World

This is web page body

Click here for the result

Say Hello

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows −

<html>

<head>

<!--

function sayHello() {

alert("Hello World")

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Hello World")

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that there

are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of a site.

You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files. The script

tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file and then

include it into your HTML files.

Hello World

Say Hello

Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your HTML

code using script tag and its src attribute.

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

.......

</body>

</html>

To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript source

code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as shown

above.

For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can use

sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.

function sayHello() {

alert("Hello World")

}

JavaScript - Variables

JavaScript Datatypes

One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data

types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and manipulated in

a programming language.

JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −

Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.

Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.

Boolean e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines

only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a

composite data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a separate

chapter.

Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-point

values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript

represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the IEEE 754

standard.

JavaScript Variables

Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be

thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then refer

to the data simply by naming the container.

Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are

declared with the var keyword as follows.

<!--

var money;

var name;

//-->

</script>

You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows −

<!--

var money, name;

//-->

</script>

Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you need that

variable.

For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50 to

it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as follows.

<!--

var name = "Ali";

var money;

money = 2000.50;

//-->

</script>

Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of any

variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.

JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a value of

any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript during

variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The value type of a variable

can change during the execution of a program and JavaScript takes care of it

automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript

variables have only two scopes.

Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it can be

defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.

Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is

defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable with

the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter with the same name

as a global variable, you effectively hide the global variable. Take a look into the following

example.

<html>

<!--

var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable

function checkscope( ) {

var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable

document.write(myVar);

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

This produces the following result −

local

JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.

You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable name.

These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example, break or

boolean variable names are not valid.

JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin

with a letter or an underscore character. For example, 123test is an invalid

variable name but _123test is a valid one.

JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name are

two different variables.

JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They cannot

be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object names.

abstract

else

instanceof

switch

boolean

enum

int

synchronized

break

export

interface

this

byte

extends

long

throw

case

false

native

throws

catch

final

new

transient

char

finally

null

true

class

float

package

try

const

for

private

typeof

continue

function

protected

var

debugger

goto

public

void

default

return

volatile

delete

implements

short

while

import

static

with

double

super

JavaScript - Operators

What is an Operator?

Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called operands

and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison Operators

Logical (or Relational) Operators

Assignment Operators

Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Lets have a look on all operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators

JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No.

Operator & Description

+ (Addition)

Adds two operands

Ex: A + B will give 30

- (Subtraction)

Subtracts the second operand from the first

Ex: A - B will give -10

* (Multiplication)

Multiply both operands

Ex: A * B will give 200

/ (Division)

Divide the numerator by the denominator

Ex: B / A will give 2

% (Modulus)

Outputs the remainder of an integer division

Ex: B % A will give 0

++ (Increment)

Increases an integer value by one

Ex: A++ will give 11

-- (Decrement)

Decreases an integer value by one

Ex: A-- will give 9

Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will give

"a10".

Example

The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.

<html>

Example

<body>

<!--

var a = 33;

var b = 10;

var c = "Test";

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("a + b = ");

result = a + b;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a - b = ");

result = a - b;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a / b = ");

result = a / b;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");

result = a % b;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");

result = a + b + c;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

a = ++a;

document.write("++a = ");

result = ++a;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

b = --b;

document.write("--b = ");

result = --b;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

Set the variables to different values and then try...

</body>

</html>

Output

a + b = 43

a - b = 23

a / b = 3.3

a % b = 3

a + b + c = 43Test

++a = 35

--b = 8

Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators

JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No.

Operator & Description

= = (Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition

becomes true.

Ex: (A == B) is not true.

!= (Not Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not

equal, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A != B) is true.

> (Greater than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right

operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A > B) is not true.

< (Less than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right

operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A < B) is true.

>= (Greater than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of

the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

<= (Less than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the

right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example

The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var a = 10;

Example

var b = 20;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a == b) => ");

result = (a == b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a < b) => ");

result = (a < b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");

result = (a > b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a != b) => ");

result = (a != b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

result = (a >= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

result = (a <= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try..

</body>

</html>

Output

(a == b) => false

(a < b) => true

(a > b) => false

(a != b) => true

(a >= b) => false

a <= b) => true

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Logical Operators

JavaScript supports the following logical operators −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No.

Operator & Description

&& (Logical AND)

If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A && B) is true.

|| (Logical OR)

If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A || B) is true.

! (Logical NOT)

Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical

NOT operator will make it false.

Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example

Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var a = true;

var b = false;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a && b) => ");

result = (a && b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");

Example

result = (a || b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("!(a && b) => ");

result = (!(a && b));

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then tr

</body>

</html>

Output

(a && b) => false

(a || b) => true

!(a && b) => true

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Bitwise Operators

JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −

Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then −

Sr.No.

Operator & Description

& (Bitwise AND)

It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Ex: (A & B) is 2.

| (BitWise OR)

It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Ex: (A | B) is 3.

^ (Bitwise XOR)

It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer

arguments. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two

is true, but not both.

Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

~ (Bitwise Not)

It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.

Ex: (~B) is -4.

<< (Left Shift)

It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places

specified in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value

left by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is

equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.

Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

>> (Right Shift)

Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the

number of bits specified by the right operand.

Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

>>> (Right shift with Zero)

This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the

left are always zero.

Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example

Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.

<html>

Example

<body>

<!--

var a = 2; // Bit presentation 10

var b = 3; // Bit presentation 11

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a & b) => ");

result = (a & b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a | b) => ");

result = (a | b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");

result = (a ^ b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(~b) => ");

result = (~b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");

result = (a << b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");

result = (a >> b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then tr

</body>

</html>

(a & b) => 2

(a | b) => 3

(a ^ b) => 1

(~b) => -4

(a << b) => 16

(a >> b) => 0

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Assignment Operators

JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

= (Simple Assignment )

1 Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand

Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

2 += (Add and Assignment)

It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left

operand.

Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

−= (Subtract and Assignment)

It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to

the left operand.

Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

*= (Multiply and Assignment)

It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to

the left operand.

Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

/= (Divide and Assignment)

It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the

left operand.

Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

%= (Modules and Assignment)

It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=, >>=, >>=,

&=, |= and ^=.

Example

Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.

<html>

Example

<body>

<!--

var a = 33;

var b = 10;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");

result = (a = b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");

result = (a += b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");

result = (a -= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) => ");

result = (a *= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");

result = (a /= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");

result = (a %= b);

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then tr

</body>

</html>

Output

Value of a => (a = b) => 10

Value of a => (a += b) => 20

Value of a => (a -= b) => 10

Value of a => (a *= b) => 100

Value of a => (a /= b) => 10

Value of a => (a %= b) => 0

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Miscellaneous Operator

operator (? :) and the typeof operator.

itional

will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the cond

Conditional Operator (? :)

The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then

executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Sr.No.

Operator and Description

? : (Conditional )

If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example

Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var a = 10;

var b = 20;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

Example

document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then tr

</body>

</html>

Output

((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200

((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

typeof Operator

The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can

be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.

The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a

number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.

Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type

String Returned by typeof

Number

"number"

String

"string"

Boolean

"boolean"

Object

"object"

Function

"function"

Undefined

"undefined"

Null

"object"

Example

The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var a = 10;

var b = "String";

var linebreak = "<br />";

Example

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");

document.write(result);

document.write(linebreak);

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then tr

</body>

</html>

Output

Result => B is String

Result => A is Numeric

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

JavaScript - if...else Statement

While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one out of a

given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional statements that allow your

program to make correct decisions and perform right actions.

JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different actions

based on different conditions. Here we will explain the if..else statement.

Flow Chart of if-else

The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.

JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement −

if statement

if...else statement

if...else if... statement.

if statement

The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make

decisions and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax

The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows −

if (expression) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true

}

Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given

statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement would be not

executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators while making decisions.

Example

Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var age = 20;

if( age > 18 ) {

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");

Example

}

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Qualifies for driving

Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else statement

The 'if...else' statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to

execute statements in a more controlled way.

Syntax

if (expression) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true

} else {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false

}

Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given

statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the given

statement(s) in the else block are executed.

Example

Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var age = 15;

if( age > 18 ) {

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");

} else {

document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");

Example

}

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Does not qualify for driving

Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else if... statement

The if...else if... statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows JavaScript to

make a correct decision out of several conditions.

Syntax

The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows −

if (expression 1) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true

} else if (expression 2) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true

} else if (expression 3) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true

} else {

Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true

}

There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where each if

is a part of the else clause of the previous statement. Statement(s) are executed based

on the true condition, if none of the conditions is true, then the else block is executed.

Example

Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var book = "maths";

if( book == "history" ) {

document.write("<b>History Book</b>");

} else if( book == "maths" ) {

document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");

} else if( book == "economics" ) {

document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");

} else {

document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");

Example

}

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

<html>

Output

Maths Book

Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - Switch Case

You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to perform a

multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution, especially when all of the

branches depend on the value of a single variable.

Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles exactly this

situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else if statements.

Flow Chart

The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.

Syntax

The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several

different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter

checks each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing

matches, a default condition will be used.

switch (expression) {

case condition 1: statement(s)

break;

case condition 2: statement(s)

break;

...

case condition n: statement(s)

break;

default: statement(s)

}

The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were omitted, the

interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the following cases.

We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.

Example

Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var grade = 'A';

document.write("Entering switch block<br />");

switch (grade) {

case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");

break;

case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");

break;

case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");

break;

case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");

break;

case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");

break;

Example

default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

}

document.write("Exiting switch block");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering switch block

Good job

Exiting switch block

Set the variable to different value and then try...

Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following code that

uses switch-case statement without any break statement.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var grade = 'A';

document.write("Entering switch block<br />");

switch (grade) {

case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");

case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");

case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");

case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");

case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");

default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

Example

}

document.write("Exiting switch block");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering switch block

Good job

Pretty good

Passed

Not so good

Failed

Unknown grade

Exiting switch block

Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - While Loops

While writing a program, you may encounter a situation where you need to perform an

action over and over again. In such situations, you would need to write loop statements to

reduce the number of lines.

JavaScript supports all the necessary loops to ease down the pressure of programming.

The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in this

chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code block repeatedly

as long as an expression is true. Once the expression becomes false, the loop

terminates.

Flow Chart

The flow chart of while loop looks as follows −

Syntax

The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows −

while (expression) {

Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true

}

Example

Try the following example to implement while loop.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var count = 0;

document.write("Starting Loop ");

while (count < 10) {

document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");

count++;

Example

}

document.write("Loop stopped!");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Starting Loop

Current Count : 0

Current Count : 1

Current Count : 2

Current Count : 3

Current Count : 4

Current Count : 5

Current Count : 6

Current Count : 7

Current Count : 8

Current Count : 9

Loop stopped!

Set the variable to different value and then try...

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check happens

at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed at least once,

even if the condition is false.

Flow Chart

The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows −

Syntax

The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows −

do {

Statement(s) to be executed;

} while (expression);

Note − Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.

Example

Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var count = 0;

document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");

do {

document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");

count++;

Example

}

while (count < 5);

document.write ("Loop stopped!");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Starting Loop

Current Count : 0

Current Count : 1

Current Count : 2

Current Count : 3

Current Count : 4

Loop Stopped!

Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - For Loop

The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three

important parts −

The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The

initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.

The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the

condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed, otherwise

the control will come out of the loop.

The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.

You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.

Flow Chart

The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows −

Syntax

The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows −

for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement) {

Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true

}

Example

Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var count;

Example

document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");

for(count = 0; count < 10; count++) {

document.write("Current Count : " + count );

document.write("<br />");

}

document.write("Loop stopped!");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Starting Loop

Current Count : 0

Current Count : 1

Current Count : 2

Current Count : 3

Current Count : 4

Current Count : 5

Current Count : 6

Current Count : 7

Current Count : 8

Current Count : 9

Loop stopped!

Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript for...in loop

The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not discussed

Objects yet, you may not feel comfortable with this loop. But once you understand how

objects behave in JavaScript, you will find this loop very useful.

Syntax

The syntax of ‘for..in’ loop is −

for (variablename in object) {

statement or block to execute

}

In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and this loop

continues till all the properties of the object are exhausted.

Example

Try the following example to implement ‘for-in’ loop. It prints the web browser’s

Navigator object.

<html>

<body>

<!--

var aProperty;

document.write("Navigator Object Properties<br /> ");

for (aProperty in navigator) {

document.write(aProperty);

document.write("<br />");

Example

}

document.write ("Exiting from the loop!");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different object and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Navigator Object Properties

serviceWorker

webkitPersistentStorage

webkitTemporaryStorage

geolocation

doNotTrack

onLine

languages

language

userAgent

product

platform

appVersion

appName

appCodeName

hardwareConcurrency

maxTouchPoints

vendorSub

vendor

productSub

cookieEnabled

mimeTypes

plugins

javaEnabled

getStorageUpdates

getGamepads

webkitGetUserMedia

vibrate

getBattery

sendBeacon

registerProtocolHandler

unregisterProtocolHandler

Exiting from the loop!

Set the variable to different object and then try...

JavaScript - Loop Control

JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There may be a

situation when you need to come out of a loop without reaching its bottom. There may

also be a situation when you want to skip a part of your code block and start the next

iteration of the loop.

To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue statements. These

statements are used to immediately come out of any loop or to start the next iteration of

any loop respectively.

The break Statement

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is used to

exit a loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.

Flow Chart

The flow chart of a break statement would look as follows −

Example

The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while loop. Notice

how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches to document.write (..)

statement just below to the closing curly brace −

<html>

<body>

<!--

var x = 1;

document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");

while (x < 20) {

if (x == 5) {

break; // breaks out of loop completely

Example

}

x = x + 1;

document.write( x + "<br />");

}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering the loop

Exiting the loop!

Set the variable to different value and then try...

We already have seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.

The continue Statement

The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next iteration of the

loop and skip the remaining code block. When a continue statement is encountered, the

program flow moves to the loop check expression immediately and if the condition

remains true, then it starts the next iteration, otherwise the control comes out of the loop.

Example

This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop. Notice how the

continue statement is used to skip printing when the index held in variable x reaches 5 −

<html>

<body>

<!--

var x = 1;

document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");

while (x < 10) {

x = x + 1;

if (x == 5) {

continue; // skip rest of the loop body

Example

}

document.write( x + "<br />");

}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->

</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering the loop

Exiting the loop!

Set the variable to different value and then try...

Using Labels to Control the Flow

Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to control the

flow more precisely. A label is simply an identifier followed by a colon (:) that is applied to

a statement or a block of code. We will see two different examples to understand how to

use labels with break and continue.

Note − Line breaks are not allowed between the ‘continue’ or ‘break’ statement and its

label name. Also, there should not be any other statement in between a label name and

associated loop.

Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.

Example 1

The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.

<html>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");

outerloop: // This is the label name

for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

Example

document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");

innerloop:

for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {

if (j > 3 ) break ; // Quit the innermost loop

if (i == 2) break innerloop; // Do the same thing

if (i == 4) break outerloop; // Quit the outer loop

document.write("Innerloop: " + j + " <br />");

}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering the loop!

Outerloop: 0

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Innerloop: 3

Outerloop: 1

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Innerloop: 3

Outerloop: 2

Outerloop: 3

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Innerloop: 3

Outerloop: 4

Exiting the loop!

Example 2

Example

<html>

<body>

<!--

document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");

outerloop: // This is the label name

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");

for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++) {

if (j == 3) {

continue outerloop;

}

document.write("Innerloop: " + j + "<br />");

}

document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Entering the loop!

Outerloop: 0

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Outerloop: 1

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Outerloop: 2

Innerloop: 0

Innerloop: 1

Innerloop: 2

Exiting the loop!

JavaScript - Functions

A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your program. This

eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps programmers in

writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a big program into a

number of small and manageable functions.

Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the features

necessary to write modular code using functions. You must have seen functions like

alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We were using these functions again and

again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only once.

JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains how to write

your own functions in JavaScript.

Function Deknition

Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define a function

in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique function name, a list

of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block surrounded by curly braces.

Syntax

The basic syntax is shown here.

<!--

function functionname(parameter-list) {

statements

}

//-->

</script>

Example

Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no parameters −

<!--

function sayHello() {

alert("Hello there");

}

//-->

</script>

Calling a Function

To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to write the

name of that function as shown in the following code.

<html>

<head>

function sayHello() {

document.write ("Hello there!");

Example

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>

</form>

<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Function Parameters

Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to pass

different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can be captured

Click the following button to call the function

Use different text in write method and then try...

Say Hello

inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those parameters. A function

can take multiple parameters separated by comma.

Example

Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it takes two

parameters.

<html>

<head>

function sayHello(name, age) {

document.write (name + " is " + age + " years old.");

Example

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>

<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello('Zara', 7)" value = "Say Hello

</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

The return Statement

A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you want

to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last statement in a

function.

Click the following button to call the function

Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

Say Hello

For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect the

function to return their multiplication in your calling program.

Example

Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and

concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.

<html>

<head>

function concatenate(first, last) {

var full;

full = first + last;

return full;

Example

}

function secondFunction() {

var result;

result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');

document.write (result );

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>

<input type = "button" onclick = "secondFunction()" value = "Call Functio

</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

There is a lot to learn about JavaScript functions, however we have covered the most

important concepts in this tutorial.

JavaScript Nested Functions

JavaScript Function( ) Constructor

JavaScript Function Literals

JavaScript - Events

What is an Event ?

JavaScript's interaction with HTML is handled through events that occur when the user or

the browser manipulates a page.

When the page loads, it is called an event. When the user clicks a button, that click too is

an event. Other examples include events like pressing any key, closing a window, resizing

a window, etc.

Developers can use these events to execute JavaScript coded responses, which cause

buttons to close windows, messages to be displayed to users, data to be validated, and

virtually any other type of response imaginable.

Events are a part of the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 and every HTML element

contains a set of events which can trigger JavaScript Code.

Please go through this small tutorial for a better understanding HTML Event Reference.

Here we will see a few examples to understand a relation between Event and JavaScript −

onclick Event Type

This is the most frequently used event type which occurs when a user clicks the left button

of his mouse. You can put your validation, warning etc., against this event type.

Click the following button to call the function

Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

Call Function

Example

Try the following example.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function sayHello() {

alert("Hello World")

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button and see result</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

onsubmit Event Type

onsubmit is an event that occurs when you try to submit a form. You can put your form

validation against this event type.

Example

Click the following button and see result

Say Hello

The following example shows how to use onsubmit. Here we are calling a validate()

function before submitting a form data to the webserver. If validate() function returns

true, the form will be submitted, otherwise it will not submit the data.

Try the following example.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function validation() {

all validation goes here

.........

return either true or false

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

.......

</form>

</body>

</html>

onmouseover and onmouseout

These two event types will help you create nice effects with images or even with text as

well. The onmouseover event triggers when you bring your mouse over any element and

the onmouseout triggers when you move your mouse out from that element. Try the

following example.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function over() {

document.write ("Mouse Over");

Example

}

function out() {

document.write ("Mouse Out");

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:</p>

<h2> This is inside the division </h2>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Output

HTML 5 Standard Events

The standard HTML 5 events are listed here for your reference. Here script indicates a

Javascript function to be executed against that event.

Attribute

Value

Description

Offline

script

Triggers when the document goes offline

Onabort

script

Triggers on an abort event

onafterprint

script

Triggers after the document is printed

onbeforeonload

script

Triggers before the document loads

onbeforeprint

script

Triggers before the document is printed

onblur

script

Triggers when the window loses focus

Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:

This is inside the division

oncanplay

script

Triggers when media can start play, but might has to stop

for buffering

oncanplaythrough

script

Triggers when media can be played to the end, without

stopping for buffering

onchange

script

Triggers when an element changes

onclick

script

Triggers on a mouse click

oncontextmenu

script

Triggers when a context menu is triggered

ondblclick

script

Triggers on a mouse double-click

ondrag

script

Triggers when an element is dragged

ondragend

script

Triggers at the end of a drag operation

ondragenter

script

Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid

drop target

ondragleave

script

Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid

drop target

ondragover

script

Triggers at the start of a drag operation

ondragstart

script

Triggers at the start of a drag operation

ondrop

script

Triggers when dragged element is being dropped

ondurationchange

script

Triggers when the length of the media is changed

onemptied

script

Triggers when a media resource element suddenly

becomes empty.

onended

script

Triggers when media has reach the end

onerror

script

Triggers when an error occur

onfocus

script

Triggers when the window gets focus

onformchange

script

Triggers when a form changes

onforminput

script

Triggers when a form gets user input

onhaschange

script

Triggers when the document has change

oninput

script

Triggers when an element gets user input

oninvalid

script

Triggers when an element is invalid

onkeydown

script

Triggers when a key is pressed

onkeypress

script

Triggers when a key is pressed and released

onkeyup

script

Triggers when a key is released

onload

script

Triggers when the document loads

onloadeddata

script

Triggers when media data is loaded

onloadedmetadata

script

Triggers when the duration and other media data of a

media element is loaded

onloadstart

script

Triggers when the browser starts to load the media data

onmessage

script

Triggers when the message is triggered

onmousedown

script

Triggers when a mouse button is pressed

onmousemove

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves

onmouseout

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an

element

onmouseover

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element

onmouseup

script

Triggers when a mouse button is released

onmousewheel

script

Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated

onoffline

script

Triggers when the document goes offline

onoine

script

Triggers when the document comes online

ononline

script

Triggers when the document comes online

onpagehide

script

Triggers when the window is hidden

onpageshow

script

Triggers when the window becomes visible

onpause

script

Triggers when media data is paused

onplay

script

Triggers when media data is going to start playing

onplaying

script

Triggers when media data has start playing

onpopstate

script

Triggers when the window's history changes

onprogress

script

Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data

onratechange

script

Triggers when the media data's playing rate has changed

onreadystatechange

script

Triggers when the ready-state changes

onredo

script

Triggers when the document performs a redo

onresize

script

Triggers when the window is resized

onscroll

script

Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled

onseeked

script

Triggers when a media element's seeking attribute is no

longer true, and the seeking has ended

onseeking

script

Triggers when a media element's seeking attribute is

true, and the seeking has begun

onselect

script

Triggers when an element is selected

onstalled

script

Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data

onstorage

script

Triggers when a document loads

onsubmit

script

Triggers when a form is submitted

onsuspend

script

Triggers when the browser has been fetching media data,

but stopped before the entire media file was fetched

ontimeupdate

script

Triggers when media changes its playing position

onundo

script

Triggers when a document performs an undo

onunload

script

Triggers when the user leaves the document

onvolumechange

script

Triggers when media changes the volume, also when

volume is set to "mute"

onwaiting

script

Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is

expected to resume

JavaScript and Cookies

What are Cookies ?

Web Browsers and Servers use HTTP protocol to communicate and HTTP is a stateless

protocol. But for a commercial website, it is required to maintain session information

among different pages. For example, one user registration ends after completing many

pages. But how to maintain users' session information across all the web pages.

In many situations, using cookies is the most efficient method of remembering and

tracking preferences, purchases, commissions, and other information required for better

visitor experience or site statistics.

How It Works ?

Your server sends some data to the visitor's browser in the form of a cookie. The browser

may accept the cookie. If it does, it is stored as a plain text record on the visitor's hard

drive. Now, when the visitor arrives at another page on your site, the browser sends the

same cookie to the server for retrieval. Once retrieved, your server knows/remembers

what was stored earlier.

Cookies are a plain text data record of 5 variable-length fields −

Expires − The date the cookie will expire. If this is blank, the cookie will expire

when the visitor quits the browser.

Domain − The domain name of your site.

Path − The path to the directory or web page that set the cookie. This may be

blank if you want to retrieve the cookie from any directory or page.

Secure − If this field contains the word "secure", then the cookie may only be

retrieved with a secure server. If this field is blank, no such restriction exists.

Name=Value − Cookies are set and retrieved in the form of key-value pairs

Cookies were originally designed for CGI programming. The data contained in a cookie is

automatically transmitted between the web browser and the web server, so CGI scripts on

the server can read and write cookie values that are stored on the client.

JavaScript can also manipulate cookies using the cookie property of the Document

object. JavaScript can read, create, modify, and delete the cookies that apply to the

current web page.

Storing Cookies

The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the document.cookie

object, which looks like this.

document.cookie = "key1 = value1;key2 = value2;expires = date";

Here the expires attribute is optional. If you provide this attribute with a valid date or

time, then the cookie will expire on a given date or time and thereafter, the cookies' value

will not be accessible.

Note − Cookie values may not include semicolons, commas, or whitespace. For this

reason, you may want to use the JavaScript escape() function to encode the value before

storing it in the cookie. If you do this, you will also have to use the corresponding

unescape() function when you read the cookie value.

Example

Try the following. It sets a customer name in an input cookie.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function WriteCookie() {

if( document.myform.customer.value == "" ) {

alert("Enter some value!");

return;

Example

}

cookievalue = escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";";

document.cookie = "name=" + cookievalue;

document.write ("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Now your machine has a cookie called name. You can set multiple cookies using multiple

key = value pairs separated by comma.

Reading Cookies

Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of the

document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever you want to

access the cookie. The document.cookie string will keep a list of name=value pairs

separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a cookie and value is its string

value.

You can use strings' split() function to break a string into key and values as follows −

Example

Try the following example to get all the cookies.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function ReadCookie() {

var allcookies = document.cookie;

document.write ("All Cookies : " + allcookies );

// Get all the cookies pairs in an array

cookiearray = allcookies.split(';');

Example

// Now take key value pair out of this array

for(var i=0; i<cookiearray.length; i++) {

name = cookiearray[i].split('=')[0];

value = cookiearray[i].split('=')[1];

document.write ("Key is : " + name + " and Value is : " + value)

}

//-->

Enter name: Set Cookie

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p> click the following button and see the result:</p>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Note − Here length is a method of Array class which returns the length of an array. We

will discuss Arrays in a separate chapter. By that time, please try to digest it.

Note − There may be some other cookies already set on your machine. The above code

will display all the cookies set on your machine.

Setting Cookies Expiry Date

expiration date and saving the expiry date within the cookie. This can be done by setting

the ‘expires’ attribute to a date and time.

Example

Try the following example. It illustrates how to extend the expiry date of a cookie by 1

Month.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function WriteCookie() {

Example

click the following button and see the result:

Get Cookie

can extend the life of a cookie beyond the current browser session by setting an

You

var now = new Date();

now.setMonth( now.getMonth() + 1 );

cookievalue = escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"

document.cookie = "name=" + cookievalue;

document.cookie = "expires=" + now.toUTCString() + ";"

document.write ("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Deleting a Cookie

Sometimes you will want to delete a cookie so that subsequent attempts to read the

cookie return nothing. To do this, you just need to set the expiry date to a time in the

past.

Example

Try the following example. It illustrates how to delete a cookie by setting its expiry date to

one month behind the current date.

<html>

<head>

Example

Enter name: Set Cookie

<!--

function WriteCookie() {

var now = new Date();

now.setMonth( now.getMonth() - 1 );

cookievalue = escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"

document.cookie = "name=" + cookievalue;

document.cookie = "expires=" + now.toUTCString() + ";"

document.write("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

Enter name: <input type = "text" name = "customer"/>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

JavaScript - Page Redirection

What is Page Redirection ?

You might have encountered a situation where you clicked a URL to reach a page X but

internally you were directed to another page Y. It happens due to page redirection. This

concept is different from JavaScript Page Refresh.

There could be various reasons why you would like to redirect a user from the original

page. We are listing down a few of the reasons −

Enter name: Set Cookie

You did not like the name of your domain and you are moving to a new one. In

such a scenario, you may want to direct all your visitors to the new site. Here you

can maintain your old domain but put a single page with a page redirection such

that all your old domain visitors can come to your new domain.

You have built-up various pages based on browser versions or their names or may

be based on different countries, then instead of using your server-side page

redirection, you can use client-side page redirection to land your users on the

appropriate page.

The Search Engines may have already indexed your pages. But while moving to

another domain, you would not like to lose your visitors coming through search

engines. So you can use client-side page redirection. But keep in mind this should

not be done to fool the search engine, it could lead your site to get banned.

How Page Re-direction Works ?

The implementations of Page-Redirection are as follows.

Example 1

It is quite simple to do a page redirect using JavaScript at client side. To redirect your site

visitors to a new page, you just need to add a line in your head section as follows.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function Redirect() {

window.location = "https://www.Codecontent.com";

//replace your url with the given one

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button, you will be redirected to home page.</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Example 2

You can show an appropriate message to your site visitors before redirecting them to a

new page. This would need a bit time delay to load a new page. The following example

shows how to implement the same. Here setTimeout() is a built-in JavaScript function

which can be used to execute another function after a given time interval.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function Redirect() {

window.location = "https://www.Codecontent.com";

//replace your url with the given one

Example

}

document.write("You will be redirected to main page in 10 sec.");

setTimeout('Redirect()', 10000);

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Output

Click the following button, you will be redirected to home page.

Redirect Me

You will be redirected to Codecontent.com main page in 10 seconds!

Example 3

The following example shows how to redirect your site visitors onto a different page based

on their browsers.

<html>

<head>

<!--

var browsername = navigator.appName;

if( browsername == "Netscape" ) {

window.location = "http://www.location.com/ns.htm";

} else if ( browsername =="Microsoft Internet Explorer") {

window.location = "http://www.location.com/ie.htm";

} else {

window.location = "http://www.location.com/other.htm";

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

JavaScript - Dialog Boxes

JavaScript supports three important types of dialog boxes. These dialog boxes can be used

to raise and alert, or to get confirmation on any input or to have a kind of input from the

users. Here we will discuss each dialog box one by one.

You will be redirected to main page in 10 sec.

Alert Dialog Box

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users. For example, if

one input field requires to enter some text but the user does not provide any input, then

as a part of validation, you can use an alert box to give a warning message.

Nonetheless, an alert box can still be used for friendlier messages. Alert box gives only

one button "OK" to select and proceed.

Example

<html>

<head>

<!--

function Warn() {

alert ("This is a warning message!");

document.write ("This is a warning message!");

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

Conkrmation Dialog Box

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It displays a

dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel.

If the user clicks on the OK button, the window method confirm() will return true. If the

user clicks on the Cancel button, then confirm() returns false. You can use a confirmation

dialog box as follows.

Example

<html>

<head>

<!--

function getConfirmation() {

var retVal = confirm("Do you want to continue ?");

if( retVal == true ) {

document.write ("User wants to continue!");

return true;

} else {

document.write ("User does not want to continue!");

return false;

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>

<form>

<input type = "button" value = "Click Me" onclick = "getConfirmation();"

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Prompt Dialog Box

The prompt dialog box is very useful when you want to pop-up a text box to get user

input. Thus, it enables you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill in the field and

then click OK.

This dialog box is displayed using a method called prompt() which takes two parameters:

(i) a label which you want to display in the text box and (ii) a default string to display in

the text box.

This dialog box has two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks the OK button, the

window method prompt() will return the entered value from the text box. If the user

clicks the Cancel button, the window method prompt() returns null.

Example

The following example shows how to use a prompt dialog box −

<html>

<head>

<!--

function getValue() {

Example

var retVal = prompt("Enter your name : ", "your name here");

document.write("You have entered : " + retVal);

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>

<form>

</form>

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

</body>

</html>

Output

JavaScript - Void Keyword

void is an important keyword in JavaScript which can be used as a unary operator that

appears before its single operand, which may be of any type. This operator specifies an

expression to be evaluated without returning a value.

Syntax

The syntax of void can be either of the following two −

<head>

<!--

void func()

javascript:void func()

or:

void(func())

javascript:void(func())

//-->

</script>

</head>

Example 1

The most common use of this operator is in a client-side javascript: URL, where it allows

you to evaluate an expression for its side-effects without the browser displaying the value

of the evaluated expression.

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

Here the expression alert ('Warning!!!') is evaluated but it is not loaded back into the

current document −

<html>

<head>

<!--

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>

<a href = "javascript:void(alert('Warning!!!'))">Click me!</a>

</body>

</html>

Output

Example

Example 2

Take a look at the following example. The following link does nothing because the

expression "0" has no effect in JavaScript. Here the expression "0" is evaluated, but it is

not loaded back into the current document.

<html>

<head>

<!--

//-->

</script>

</head>

Example

Click the following, This won't react at all...

Click me!

<body>

<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>

<a href = "javascript:void(0)">Click me!</a>

</body>

</html>

Output

Example 3

Another use of void is to purposely generate the undefined value as follows.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function getValue() {

var a,b,c;

Example

a = void ( b = 5, c = 7 );

document.write('a = ' + a + ' b = ' + b +' c = ' + c );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Click the following, This won't react at all...

Click me!

Output

JavaScript - Page Printing

Many times you would like to place a button on your webpage to print the content of that

web page via an actual printer. JavaScript helps you to implement this functionality using

the print function of window object.

The JavaScript print function window.print() prints the current web page when

executed. You can call this function directly using the onclick event as shown in the

following example.

Example

Try the following example.

<html>

<head>

<!--

//-->

</script>

</head>

Example

<body>

<form>

</form>

</body>

<html>

Output

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

Although it serves the purpose of getting a printout, it is not a recommended way. A

printer friendly page is really just a page with text, no images, graphics, or advertising.

You can make a page printer friendly in the following ways −

Make a copy of the page and leave out unwanted text and graphics, then link to

that printer friendly page from the original. Check Example.

If you do not want to keep an extra copy of a page, then you can mark your

printable text using proper comments like . ....... <!--

PRINT ENDS HERE --> and then you can use PERL or any other script in the

background to purge printable text and display for final printing. We at

Codecontent use this method to provide print facility to our site visitors.

How to Print a Page?

If you don’t find the above facilities on a web page, then you can use the browser's

standard toolbar to get print the web page. Follow the link as follows.

File → Print → Click OK button.

JavaScript - Objects Overview

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming language

can be called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to developers −

Encapsulation − the capability to store related information, whether data or

methods, together in an object.

Aggregation − the capability to store one object inside another object.

Inheritance − the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or number of

classes) for some of its properties and methods.

Polymorphism − the capability to write one function or method that works in a

variety of different ways.

Objects are composed of attributes. If an attribute contains a function, it is considered to

be a method of the object, otherwise the attribute is considered a property.

Object Properties

Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the abstract data

types, such as another object. Object properties are usually variables that are used

internally in the object's methods, but can also be globally visible variables that are used

throughout the page.

The syntax for adding a property to an object is −

objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;

For example − The following code gets the document title using the "title" property of

the document object.

var str = document.title;

Object Methods

Methods are the functions that let the object do something or let something be done to it.

There is a small difference between a function and a method – at a function is a

standalone unit of statements and a method is attached to an object and can be

referenced by the this keyword.

Methods are useful for everything from displaying the contents of the object to the screen

to performing complex mathematical operations on a group of local properties and

parameters.

For example − Following is a simple example to show how to use the write() method of

document object to write any content on the document.

document.write("This is test");

User-Dekned Objects

All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object called Object.

The new Operator

The new operator is used to create an instance of an object. To create an object, the new

operator is followed by the constructor method.

In the following example, the constructor methods are Object(), Array(), and Date().

These constructors are built-in JavaScript functions.

var employee = new Object();

var books = new Array("C++", "Perl", "Java");

var day = new Date("August 15, 1947");

The Object() Constructor

A constructor is a function that creates and initializes an object. JavaScript provides a

special constructor function called Object() to build the object. The return value of the

Object() constructor is assigned to a variable.

The variable contains a reference to the new object. The properties assigned to the object

are not variables and are not defined with the var keyword.

Example 1

Try the following example; it demonstrates how to create an Object.

<html>

<head>

<title>User-defined objects</title>

var book = new Object(); // Create the object

Example

book.subject = "Perl"; // Assign properties to the object

book.author = "Mohtashim";

</script>

</head>

<body>

document.write("Book name is : " + book.subject + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + book.author + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Book name is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim

Example 2

This example demonstrates how to create an object with a User-Defined Function. Here

this keyword is used to refer to the object that has been passed to a function.

<html>

<head>

<title>User-defined objects</title>

function book(title, author) {

this.title = title;

this.author = author;

Example

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");

document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Book title is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim

Dekning Methods for an Object

The previous examples demonstrate how the constructor creates the object and assigns

properties. But we need to complete the definition of an object by assigning methods to it.

Example

Try the following example; it shows how to add a function along with an object.

<html>

<head>

<title>User-defined objects</title>

// Define a function which will work as a method

function addPrice(amount) {

this.price = amount;

Example

}

function book(title, author) {

this.title = title;

this.author = author;

this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");

myBook.addPrice(100);

document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");

document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Book title is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim

Book price is : 100

The 'with' Keyword

The ‘with’ keyword is used as a kind of shorthand for referencing an object's properties or

methods.

The object specified as an argument to with becomes the default object for the duration

of the block that follows. The properties and methods for the object can be used without

naming the object.

Syntax

The syntax for with object is as follows −

with (object) {

properties used without the object name and dot

}

Example

Try the following example.

<html>

<head>

<title>User-defined objects</title>

// Define a function which will work as a method

function addPrice(amount) {

with(this) {

price = amount;

Example

}

function book(title, author) {

this.title = title;

this.author = author;

this.price = 0;

this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");

myBook.addPrice(100);

document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");

document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");

document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Book title is : Perl

Book author is : Mohtashim

Book price is : 100

JavaScript Native Objects

JavaScript has several built-in or native objects. These objects are accessible anywhere in

your program and will work the same way in any browser running in any operating

system.

Here is the list of all important JavaScript Native Objects −

JavaScript Number Object

JavaScript Boolean Object

JavaScript String Object

JavaScript Array Object

JavaScript Date Object

JavaScript Math Object

JavaScript RegExp Object

JavaScript - The Number Object

The Number object represents numerical date, either integers or floating-point numbers.

In general, you do not need to worry about Number objects because the browser

automatically converts number literals to instances of the number class.

Syntax

The syntax for creating a number object is as follows −

var val = new Number(number);

In the place of number, if you provide any non-number argument, then the argument

cannot be converted into a number, it returns NaN (Not-a-Number).

Number Properties

Here is a list of each property and their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

MAX_VALUE

The largest possible value a number in JavaScript can have

1.7976931348623157E+308

MIN_VALUE

The smallest possible value a number in JavaScript can have 5E-324

NaN

Equal to a value that is not a number.

NEGATIVE_INFINITY

A value that is less than MIN_VALUE.

POSITIVE_INFINITY

A value that is greater than MAX_VALUE

prototype

A static property of the Number object. Use the prototype property to assign

new properties and methods to the Number object in the current document

constructor

Returns the function that created this object's instance. By default this is the

Number object.

In the following sections, we will take a few examples to demonstrate the properties of

Number.

Number Methods

The Number object contains only the default methods that are a part of every object's

definition.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

toExponential()

Forces a number to display in exponential notation, even if the number is in

the range in which JavaScript normally uses standard notation.

toFixed()

Formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the decimal.

toLocaleString()

Returns a string value version of the current number in a format that may vary

according to a browser's local settings.

toPrecision()

Defines how many total digits (including digits to the left and right of the

decimal) to display of a number.

toString()

Returns the string representation of the number's value.

valueOf()

Returns the number's value.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to explain the methods of Number.

JavaScript - The Boolean Object

The Boolean object represents two values, either "true" or "false". If value parameter is

omitted or is 0, -0, null, false, NaN, undefined, or the empty string (""), the object has an

initial value of false.

Syntax

Use the following syntax to create a boolean object.

var val = new Boolean(value);

Boolean Properties

Here is a list of the properties of Boolean object −

Sr.No.

Property & Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the Boolean function that created the object.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the properties of

Boolean object.

Boolean Methods

Here is a list of the methods of Boolean object and their description.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of the

Boolean methods.

JavaScript - The Strings Object

The String object lets you work with a series of characters; it wraps Javascript's string

primitive data type with a number of helper methods.

As JavaScript automatically converts between string primitives and String objects, you can

call any of the helper methods of the String object on a string primitive.

Syntax

Use the following syntax to create a String object −

var val = new String(string);

The String parameter is a series of characters that has been properly encoded.

String Properties

Sr.No.

Method & Description

toSource()

Returns a string containing the source of the Boolean object; you can use this

string to create an equivalent object.

toString()

Returns a string of either "true" or "false" depending upon the value of the

object.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of the Boolean object.

Here is a list of the properties of String object and their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the String function that created the object.

length

Returns the length of the string.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of String

properties.

String Methods

Here is a list of the methods available in String object along with their description.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

charAt()

Returns the character at the specified index.

charCodeAt()

Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at the given

index.

concat()

Combines the text of two strings and returns a new string.

indexOf()

Returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the

specified value, or -1 if not found.

lastIndexOf()

Returns the index within the calling String object of the last occurrence of the

specified value, or -1 if not found.

localeCompare()

Returns a number indicating whether a reference string comes before or after

or is the same as the given string in sort order.

match()

Used to match a regular expression against a string.

replace()

Used to find a match between a regular expression and a string, and to replace

the matched substring with a new substring.

search()

Executes the search for a match between a regular expression and a specified

string.

slice()

Extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.

split()

Splits a String object into an array of strings by separating the string into

substrings.

substr()

Returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location through

the specified number of characters.

substring()

Returns the characters in a string between two indexes into the string.

toLocaleLowerCase()

The characters within a string are converted to lower case while respecting the

current locale.

toLocaleUpperCase()

The characters within a string are converted to upper case while respecting the

current locale.

toLowerCase()

Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified object.

toUpperCase()

Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of the specified object.

String HTML Wrappers

Here is a list of the methods that return a copy of the string wrapped inside an appropriate

HTML tag.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

anchor()

Creates an HTML anchor that is used as a hypertext target.

big()

Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a <big> tag.

blink()

Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.

bold()

Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.

fixed()

Causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if it were in a <tt> tag

fontcolor()

Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in a <font

color="color"> tag.

fontsize()

Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size as if it were in a <font

size="size"> tag.

italics()

Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

link()

Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.

small()

Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a <small> tag.

strike()

Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a <strike>

tag.

sub()

Causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it were in a <sub> tag

sup()

Causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it were in a <sup> tag

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of String

methods.

JavaScript - The Arrays Object

The Array object lets you store multiple values in a single variable. It stores a fixed-size

sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of

data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the

same type.

Syntax

Use the following syntax to create an Array object −

var fruits = new Array( "apple", "orange", "mango" );

The Array parameter is a list of strings or integers. When you specify a single numeric

parameter with the Array constructor, you specify the initial length of the array. The

maximum length allowed for an array is 4,294,967,295.

You can create array by simply assigning values as follows −

var fruits = [ "apple", "orange", "mango" ];

You will use ordinal numbers to access and to set values inside an array as follows.

fruits[0] is the first element

fruits[1] is the second element

fruits[2] is the third element

Array Properties

Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the array function that created the object.

index

The property represents the zero-based index of the match in the string

input

This property is only present in arrays created by regular expression matches.

length

Reflects the number of elements in an array.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the usage of Array

properties.

Array Methods

Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their description.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

concat()

Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or

value(s).

every()

Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing

function.

filter()

Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the

provided filtering function returns true.

forEach()

Calls a function for each element in the array.

indexOf()

Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the

specified value, or -1 if none is found.

join()

Joins all elements of an array into a string.

lastIndexOf()

Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the

specified value, or -1 if none is found.

map()

Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every

element in this array.

pop()

Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.

push()

Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length

of the array.

reduce()

Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from left-to-

right) as to reduce it to a single value.

reduceRight()

Apply a function simultaneously against two values of the array (from right-to-

left) as to reduce it to a single value.

reverse()

Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last,

and the last becomes the first.

shift()

Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.

slice()

Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.

some()

Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing

function.

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

sort()

Sorts the elements of an array

splice()

Adds and/or removes elements from an array.

toString()

Returns a string representing the array and its elements.

unshift()

Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length

of the array.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of Array

methods.

JavaScript - The Date Object

The Date object is a datatype built into the JavaScript language. Date objects are created

with the new Date( ) as shown below.

Once a Date object is created, a number of methods allow you to operate on it. Most

methods simply allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and

millisecond fields of the object, using either local time or UTC (universal, or GMT) time.

The ECMAScript standard requires the Date object to be able to represent any date and

time, to millisecond precision, within 100 million days before or after 1/1/1970. This is a

range of plus or minus 273,785 years, so JavaScript can represent date and time till the

year 275755.

Syntax

You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using Date() constructor.

new Date( )

new Date(milliseconds)

new Date(datestring)

new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second,millisecond ])

Note − Parameters in the brackets are always optional.

Here is a description of the parameters −

No Argument − With no arguments, the Date() constructor creates a Date object

set to the current date and time.

milliseconds − When one numeric argument is passed, it is taken as the internal

numeric representation of the date in milliseconds, as returned by the getTime()

method. For example, passing the argument 5000 creates a date that represents

five seconds past midnight on 1/1/70.

datestring − When one string argument is passed, it is a string representation of

a date, in the format accepted by the Date.parse() method.

7 agruments − To use the last form of the constructor shown above. Here is a

description of each argument −

year − Integer value representing the year. For compatibility (in order to avoid

the Y2K problem), you should always specify the year in full; use 1998, rather

than 98.

month − Integer value representing the month, beginning with 0 for January

to 11 for December.

date − Integer value representing the day of the month.

hour − Integer value representing the hour of the day (24-hour scale).

minute − Integer value representing the minute segment of a time reading.

second − Integer value representing the second segment of a time reading.

millisecond − Integer value representing the millisecond segment of a time

reading.

Date Properties

Here is a list of the properties of the Date object along with their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

constructor

Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of

different Date properties.

Date Methods

Here is a list of the methods used with Date and their description.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

Date()

Returns today's date and time

getDate()

Returns the day of the month for the specified date according to local time.

getDay()

Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to local time.

getFullYear()

Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.

getHours()

Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.

getMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to local time.

getMinutes()

Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local time.

getMonth()

Returns the month in the specified date according to local time.

getSeconds()

Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local time.

getTime()

Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of milliseconds

since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.

getTimezoneOffset()

Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.

getUTCDate()

Returns the day (date) of the month in the specified date according to

universal time.

getUTCDay()

Returns the day of the week in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCFullYear()

Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCHours()

Returns the hours in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCMinutes()

Returns the minutes in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCMonth()

Returns the month in the specified date according to universal time.

getUTCSeconds()

Returns the seconds in the specified date according to universal time.

getYear()

Deprecated - Returns the year in the specified date according to local time.

Use getFullYear instead.

setDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local time.

setFullYear()

Sets the full year for a specified date according to local time.

setHours()

Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.

setMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.

setMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.

setMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.

setSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.

setTime()

Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of milliseconds since

January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.

setUTCDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCFullYear()

Sets the full year for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCHours()

Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.

setUTCSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.

setYear()

Deprecated - Sets the year for a specified date according to local time. Use

setFullYear instead.

toDateString()

Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.

toGMTString()

Deprecated - Converts a date to a string, using the Internet GMT

conventions. Use toUTCString instead.

toLocaleDateString()

Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's

conventions.

toLocaleFormat()

Converts a date to a string, using a format string.

toLocaleString()

Converts a date to a string, using the current locale's conventions.

toLocaleTimeString()

Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a string, using the current locale's

conventions.

toSource()

Returns a string representing the source for an equivalent Date object; you can

use this value to create a new object.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified Date object.

toTimeString()

Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.

toUTCString()

Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a Date object.

Converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.

Date Static Methods

In addition to the many instance methods listed previously, the Date object also defines

two static methods. These methods are invoked through the Date() constructor itself.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

Date.parse( )

Parses a string representation of a date and time and returns the internal

millisecond representation of that date.

Date.UTC( )

Returns the millisecond representation of the specified UTC date and time.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usages of Date

Static methods.

JavaScript - The Math Object

The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants and

functions. Unlike other global objects, Math is not a constructor. All the properties and

methods of Math are static and can be called by using Math as an object without creating

it.

Thus, you refer to the constant pi as Math.PI and you call the sine function as

Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.

Syntax

The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows

var pi_val = Math.PI;

var sine_val = Math.sin(30);

Math Properties

Here is a list of all the properties of Math and their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

E \

Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718.

LN2

Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.

LN10

Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.

LOG2E

Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.

LOG10E

Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.

Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14159.

SQRT1_2

Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2, approximately

0.707.

SQRT2

Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of Math

properties.

Math Methods

Here is a list of the methods associated with Math object and their description

Sr.No.

Method & Description

abs()

Returns the absolute value of a number.

acos()

Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.

asin()

Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.

atan()

Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.

atan2()

Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.

ceil()

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.

cos()

Returns the cosine of a number.

exp()

Returns E

, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the base of

the natural logarithm.

floor()

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.

log()

Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.

max()

Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

min()

Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

pow()

Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.

random()

Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

round()

Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

sin()

Returns the sine of a number.

sqrt()

Returns the square root of a number.

tan()

Returns the tangent of a number.

toSource()

Returns the string "Math".

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of the

methods associated with Math.

Regular Expressions and RegExp Object

A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters.

The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String and RegExp

define methods that use regular expressions to perform powerful pattern-matching and

search-and-replace functions on text.

Syntax

A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp () constructor, as follows −

var pattern = new RegExp(pattern, attributes);

or simply

var pattern = /pattern/attributes;

Here is the description of the parameters −

pattern − A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or another

regular expression.

attributes − An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m" attributes

that specify global, case-insensitive, and multi-line matches, respectively.

Brackets

Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular expressions.

They are used to find a range of characters.

Sr.No.

Expression & Description

[...]

Any one character between the brackets.

[^...]

Any one character not between the brackets.

[0-9]

It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.

[a-z]

It matches any character from lowercase a through lowercase z.

[A-Z]

It matches any character from uppercase A through uppercase Z.

[a-Z]

It matches any character from lowercase a through uppercase Z.

The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to match any

decimal digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match any lowercase

character ranging from b through v.

Quantikers

The frequency or position of bracketed character sequences and single characters can be

denoted by a special character. Each special character has a specific connotation. The +, *,

?, and $ flags all follow a character sequence.

Sr.No.

Expression & Description

It matches any string containing one or more p's.

It matches any string containing zero or more p's.

It matches any string containing at most one p.

p{N}

It matches any string containing a sequence of N p's

p{2,3}

It matches any string containing a sequence of two or three p's.

p{2, }

It matches any string containing a sequence of at least two p's.

It matches any string with p at the end of it.

It matches any string with p at the beginning of it.

Examples

Following examples explain more about matching characters.

Sr.No.

Expression & Description

[^a-zA-Z]

It matches any string not containing any of the characters ranging from a

through z and A through Z.

p.p

It matches any string containing p, followed by any character, in turn followed

by another p.

^.{2}$

It matches any string containing exactly two characters.

It matches any string enclosed within <b> and </b>.

p(hp)*

It matches any string containing a p followed by zero or more instances of the

sequence hp.

Literal characters

Sr.No.

Character & Description

Alphanumeric

Itself

The NUL character (\u0000)

Tab (\u0009

Newline (\u000A)

Vertical tab (\u000B)

Form feed (\u000C)

Carriage return (\u000D)

\xnn

The Latin character specified by the hexadecimal number nn; for example,

\x0A is the same as \n

\uxxxx

The Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx; for

example, \u0009 is the same as \t

\cX

The control character ^X; for example, \cJ is equivalent to the newline

character \n

Metacharacters

A metacharacter is simply an alphabetical character preceded by a backslash that acts to

give the combination a special meaning.

For instance, you can search for a large sum of money using the '\d' metacharacter:

/([\d]+)000/, Here \d will search for any string of numerical character.

The following table lists a set of metacharacters which can be used in PERL Style Regular

Expressions.

Sr.No.

Character & Description

a single character

a whitespace character (space, tab, newline)

non-whitespace character

a digit (0-9)

a non-digit

a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)

a non-word character

[\b]

a literal backspace (special case).

[aeiou]

matches a single character in the given set

[^aeiou]

matches a single character outside the given set

(foo|bar|baz)

matches any of the alternatives specified

Modikers

Several modifiers are available that can simplify the way you work with regexps, like case

sensitivity, searching in multiple lines, etc.

Sr.No.

Modifier & Description

Perform case-insensitive matching.

Specifies that if the string has newline or carriage return characters, the ^ and

$ operators will now match against a newline boundary, instead of a string

boundary

Performs a global matchthat is, find all matches rather than stopping after the

first match.

RegExp Properties

Here is a list of the properties associated with RegExp and their description.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

constructor

Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.

global

Specifies if the "g" modifier is set.

ignoreCase

Specifies if the "i" modifier is set.

lastIndex

The index at which to start the next match.

multiline

Specifies if the "m" modifier is set.

source

The text of the pattern.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of

RegExp properties.

RegExp Methods

Here is a list of the methods associated with RegExp along with their description.

Sr.No.

Method & Description

exec()

Executes a search for a match in its string parameter.

test()

Tests for a match in its string parameter.

toSource()

Returns an object literal representing the specified object; you can use this

value to create a new object.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage of

RegExp methods.

JavaScript - Document Object Model or DOM

Every web page resides inside a browser window which can be considered as an object.

A Document object represents the HTML document that is displayed in that window. The

Document object has various properties that refer to other objects which allow access to

and modification of document content.

The way a document content is accessed and modified is called the Document Object

Model, or DOM. The Objects are organized in a hierarchy. This hierarchical structure

applies to the organization of objects in a Web document.

Window object − Top of the hierarchy. It is the outmost element of the object

hierarchy.

Document object − Each HTML document that gets loaded into a window

becomes a document object. The document contains the contents of the page.

Form object − Everything enclosed in the <form>...</form> tags sets the form

object.

Form control elements − The form object contains all the elements defined for

that object such as text fields, buttons, radio buttons, and checkboxes.

Here is a simple hierarchy of a few important objects −

There are several DOMs in existence. The following sections explain each of these DOMs in

detail and describe how you can use them to access and modify document content.

The Legacy DOM − This is the model which was introduced in early versions of

JavaScript language. It is well supported by all browsers, but allows access only to

certain key portions of documents, such as forms, form elements, and images.

The W3C DOM − This document object model allows access and modification of all

document content and is standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

This model is supported by almost all the modern browsers.

The IE4 DOM − This document object model was introduced in Version 4 of

Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser. IE 5 and later versions include support for

most basic W3C DOM features.

DOM compatibility

If you want to write a script with the flexibility to use either W3C DOM or IE 4 DOM

depending on their availability, then you can use a capability-testing approach that first

checks for the existence of a method or property to determine whether the browser has

the capability you desire. For example −

if (document.getElementById) {

// If the W3C method exists, use it

} else if (document.all) {

// If the all[] array exists, use it

} else {

// Otherwise use the legacy DOM

}

JavaScript - Errors & Exceptions Handling

There are three types of errors in programming: (a) Syntax Errors, (b) Runtime Errors,

and (c) Logical Errors.

Syntax Errors

Syntax errors, also called parsing errors, occur at compile time in traditional

programming languages and at interpret time in JavaScript.

For example, the following line causes a syntax error because it is missing a closing

parenthesis.

<!--

window.print(;

//-->

</script>

When a syntax error occurs in JavaScript, only the code contained within the same thread

as the syntax error is affected and the rest of the code in other threads gets executed

assuming nothing in them depends on the code containing the error.

Runtime Errors

Runtime errors, also called exceptions, occur during execution (after

compilation/interpretation).

For example, the following line causes a runtime error because here the syntax is correct,

but at runtime, it is trying to call a method that does not exist.

<!--

window.printme();

//-->

</script>

Exceptions also affect the thread in which they occur, allowing other JavaScript threads to

continue normal execution.

Logical Errors

Logic errors can be the most difficult type of errors to track down. These errors are not the

result of a syntax or runtime error. Instead, they occur when you make a mistake in the

logic that drives your script and you do not get the result you expected.

You cannot catch those errors, because it depends on your business requirement what

type of logic you want to put in your program.

The try...catch...knally Statement

The latest versions of JavaScript added exception handling capabilities. JavaScript

implements the try...catch...finally construct as well as the throw operator to handle

exceptions.

You can catch programmer-generated and runtime exceptions, but you cannot catch

JavaScript syntax errors.

Here is the try...catch...finally block syntax −

<!--

try {

// Code to run

[break;]

}

catch ( e ) {

// Code to run if an exception occurs

[break;]

}

[ finally {

// Code that is always executed regardless of

// an exception occurring

}]

//-->

</script>

The try block must be followed by either exactly one catch block or one finally block (or

one of both). When an exception occurs in the try block, the exception is placed in e and

the catch block is executed. The optional finally block executes unconditionally after

try/catch.

Examples

Here is an example where we are trying to call a non-existing function which in turn is

raising an exception. Let us see how it behaves without try...catch−

<html>

<head>

<!--

function myFunc() {

var a = 100;

alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Now let us try to catch this exception using try...catch and display a user-friendly

message. You can also suppress this message, if you want to hide this error from a user.

<html>

<head>

Example

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

<!--

function myFunc() {

var a = 100;

try {

alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );

}

catch ( e ) {

alert("Error: " + e.description );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

You can use finally block which will always execute unconditionally after the try/catch.

Here is an example.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function myFunc() {

Example

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

var a = 100;

try {

alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );

}

catch ( e ) {

alert("Error: " + e.description );

}

finally {

alert("Finally block will always execute!" );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

The throw Statement

You can use throw statement to raise your built-in exceptions or your customized

exceptions. Later these exceptions can be captured and you can take an appropriate

action.

Example

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

The following example demonstrates how to use a throw statement.

<html>

<head>

<!--

function myFunc() {

var a = 100;

var b = 0;

try {

if ( b == 0 ) {

throw( "Divide by zero error." );

} else {

var c = a / b;

Example

}

catch ( e ) {

alert("Error: " + e );

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

You can raise an exception in one function using a string, integer, Boolean, or an object

and then you can capture that exception either in the same function as we did above, or in

another function using a try...catch block.

The onerror() Method

The onerror event handler was the first feature to facilitate error handling in JavaScript.

The error event is fired on the window object whenever an exception occurs on the page.

<html>

<head>

<!--

window.onerror = function () {

alert("An error occurred.");

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

The onerror event handler provides three pieces of information to identify the exact

nature of the error −

Error message − The same message that the browser would display for the given

error

URL − The file in which the error occurred

Line number− The line number in the given URL that caused the error

Here is the example to show how to extract this information.

Example

<html>

<head>

<!--

window.onerror = function (msg, url, line) {

alert("Message : " + msg );

alert("url : " + url );

alert("Line number : " + line );

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>

</form>

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

</body>

</html>

Output

You can display extracted information in whatever way you think it is better.

You can use an onerror method, as shown below, to display an error message in case

there is any problem in loading an image.

You can use onerror with many HTML tags to display appropriate messages in case of

errors.

JavaScript - Form Validation

Form validation normally used to occur at the server, after the client had entered all the

necessary data and then pressed the Submit button. If the data entered by a client was

incorrect or was simply missing, the server would have to send all the data back to the

client and request that the form be resubmitted with correct information. This was really a

lengthy process which used to put a lot of burden on the server.

JavaScript provides a way to validate form's data on the client's computer before sending

it to the web server. Form validation generally performs two functions.

Basic Validation − First of all, the form must be checked to make sure all the

mandatory fields are filled in. It would require just a loop through each field in the

form and check for data.

Data Format Validation − Secondly, the data that is entered must be checked for

correct form and value. Your code must include appropriate logic to test

correctness of data.

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

Example

We will take an example to understand the process of validation. Here is a simple form in

html format.

<html>

<head>

<title>Form Validation</title>

<!--

// Form validation code will come here.

//-->

</script>

</head>

Example

<body>

<form action = "/cgi-bin/test.cgi" name = "myForm" onsubmit = "return(valida

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align = "right">EMail</td>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align = "right">Country</td>

<td>

<option value = "-1" selected>[choose yours]</option>

<option value = "3">INDIA</option>

</select>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

</table>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Name

Zip Code

Country

[choose yours]

Submit

Basic Form Validation

First let us see how to do a basic form validation. In the above form, we are calling

validate() to validate data when onsubmit event is occurring. The following code shows

the implementation of this validate() function.

<!--

// Form validation code will come here.

function validate() {

if( document.myForm.Name.value == "" ) {

alert( "Please provide your name!" );

document.myForm.Name.focus() ;

return false;

}

if( document.myForm.EMail.value == "" ) {

alert( "Please provide your Email!" );

document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;

return false;

}

if( document.myForm.Zip.value == "" || isNaN( document.myForm.Zip.value )

document.myForm.Zip.value.length != 5 ) {

alert( "Please provide a zip in the format #####." );

document.myForm.Zip.focus() ;

return false;

}

if( document.myForm.Country.value == "-1" ) {

alert( "Please provide your country!" );

return false;

}

return( true );

}

//-->

</script>

Data Format Validation

Now we will see how we can validate our entered form data before submitting it to the

web server.

The following example shows how to validate an entered email address. An email address

must contain at least a ‘@’ sign and a dot (.). Also, the ‘@’ must not be the first character

of the email address, and the last dot must at least be one character after the ‘@’ sign.

Example

Try the following code for email validation.

<!--

function validateEmail() {

var emailID = document.myForm.EMail.value;

atpos = emailID.indexOf("@");

dotpos = emailID.lastIndexOf(".");

if (atpos < 1 || ( dotpos - atpos < 2 )) {

alert("Please enter correct email ID")

document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;

return false;

}

return( true );

}

//-->

</script>

JavaScript - Animation

You can use JavaScript to create a complex animation having, but not limited to, the

following elements −

Fireworks

Fade Effect

Roll-in or Roll-out

Page-in or Page-out

Object movements

You might be interested in existing JavaScript based animation library: Script.Aculo.us.

This tutorial provides a basic understanding of how to use JavaScript to create an

animation.

JavaScript can be used to move a number of DOM elements (<img />, <div> or any other

HTML element) around the page according to some sort of pattern determined by a logical

equation or function.

JavaScript provides the following two functions to be frequently used in animation

programs.

setTimeout( function, duration) − This function calls function after duration

milliseconds from now.

setInterval(function, duration) − This function calls function after every

duration milliseconds.

clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable) − This function calls clears any timer set

by the setTimeout() functions.

JavaScript can also set a number of attributes of a DOM object including its position on the

screen. You can set top and left attribute of an object to position it anywhere on the

screen. Here is its syntax.

// Set distance from left edge of the screen.

object.style.left = distance in pixels or points;

// Set distance from top edge of the screen.

object.style.top = distance in pixels or points;

Manual Animation

So let's implement one simple animation using DOM object properties and JavaScript

functions as follows. The following list contains different DOM methods.

We are using the JavaScript function getElementById() to get a DOM object and

then assigning it to a global variable imgObj.

We have defined an initialization function init() to initialize imgObj where we have

set its position and left attributes.

We are calling initialization function at the time of window load.

Finally, we are calling moveRight() function to increase the left distance by 10

pixels. You could also set it to a negative value to move it to the left side.

Example

Try the following example.

<html>

<head>

<title>JavaScript Animation</title>

<!--

var imgObj = null;

function init() {

imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');

imgObj.style.position= 'relative';

imgObj.style.left = '0px';

Example

}

function moveRight() {

imgObj.style.left = parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';

}

window.onload = init;

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<form>

<p>Click button below to move the image to right</p>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Automated Animation

In the above example, we saw how an image moves to right with every click. We can

automate this process by using the JavaScript function setTimeout() as follows −

Here we have added more methods. So let's see what is new here −

The moveRight() function is calling setTimeout() function to set the position of

imgObj.

Click button below to move the image to right

Click Me

We have added a new function stop() to clear the timer set by setTimeout()

function and to set the object at its initial position.

Example

Try the following example code.

<html>

<head>

<title>JavaScript Animation</title>

<!--

var imgObj = null;

var animate ;

function init() {

imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');

imgObj.style.position= 'relative';

imgObj.style.left = '0px';

Example

}

function moveRight() {

imgObj.style.left = parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';

animate = setTimeout(moveRight,20); // call moveRight in 20msec

}

function stop() {

clearTimeout(animate);

imgObj.style.left = '0px';

}

window.onload = init;

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<form>

<p>Click the buttons below to handle animation</p>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Rollover with a Mouse Event

Here is a simple example showing image rollover with a mouse event.

Let's see what we are using in the following example −

At the time of loading this page, the ‘if’ statement checks for the existence of the

image object. If the image object is unavailable, this block will not be executed.

The Image() constructor creates and preloads a new image object called image1.

The src property is assigned the name of the external image file called

/images/html.gif.

Similarly, we have created image2 object and assigned /images/http.gif in this

object.

The # (hash mark) disables the link so that the browser does not try to go to a

URL when clicked. This link is an image.

The onMouseOver event handler is triggered when the user's mouse moves onto

the link, and the onMouseOut event handler is triggered when the user's mouse

When the mouse moves over the image, the HTTP image changes from the first

image to the second one. When the mouse is moved away from the image, the

original image is displayed.

Click the buttons below to handle animation

Start Stop

moves away from the link (image).

When the mouse is moved away from the link, the initial image html.gif will

reappear on the screen.

<html>

<head>

<title>Rollover with a Mouse Events</title>

<!--

if(document.images) {

var image1 = new Image(); // Preload an image

image1.src = "/images/html.gif";

var image2 = new Image(); // Preload second image

image2.src = "/images/http.gif";

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<p>Move your mouse over the image to see the result</p>

<a href = "#" onMouseOver = "document.myImage.src = image2.src;"

onMouseOut = "document.myImage.src = image1.src;">

</a>

</body>

</html>

JavaScript - Multimedia

The JavaScript navigator object includes a child object called plugins. This object is an

array, with one entry for each plug-in installed on the browser. The navigator.plugins

object is supported only by Netscape, Firefox, and Mozilla only.

Example

Here is an example that shows how to list down all the plug-on installed in your browser −

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<tr>

<th>Filename</th>

<th>Description</th>

</tr>

for (i = 0; i<navigator.plugins.length; i++) {

document.write("<tr><td>");

document.write(navigator.plugins[i].name);

Example

Move your mouse over the image to see the result

document.write("</td><td>");

document.write(navigator.plugins[i].filename);

document.write("</td><td>");

document.write(navigator.plugins[i].description);

document.write("</td></tr>");

}

</script>

</table>

</body>

</html>

Output

Plug-in Name

Filename

Description

PDF Viewer

internal-pdf-viewer

Portable Document Format

Chrome PDF Viewer

internal-pdf-viewer

Portable Document Format

Chromium PDF Viewer

internal-pdf-viewer

Portable Document Format

Microsoft Edge PDF Viewer

internal-pdf-viewer

Portable Document Format

WebKit built-in PDF

internal-pdf-viewer

Portable Document Format

Checking for Plug-Ins

Each plug-in has an entry in the array. Each entry has the following properties −

name − is the name of the plug-in.

filename − is the executable file that was loaded to install the plug-in.

description − is a description of the plug-in, supplied by the developer.

mimeTypes − is an array with one entry for each MIME type supported by the

plug-in.

You can use these properties in a script to find out the installed plug-ins, and then using

JavaScript, you can play appropriate multimedia file. Take a look at the following example.

<html>

<head>

<title>Using Plug-Ins</title>

</head>

<body>

media = navigator.mimeTypes["video/quicktime"];

if (media) {

document.write("<embed src = 'quick.mov' height = 100 width = 100>");

} else {

document.write("<img src = 'quick.gif' height = 100 width = 100>");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

NOTE − Here we are using HTML <embed> tag to embed a multimedia file.

Controlling Multimedia

Let us take one real example which works in almost all the browsers −

<html>

<head>

<title>Using Embeded Object</title>

<!--

function play() {

if (!document.demo.IsPlaying()) {

document.demo.Play();

Example

}

function stop() {

if (document.demo.IsPlaying()) {

document.demo.StopPlay();

}

function rewind() {

if (document.demo.IsPlaying()) {

document.demo.StopPlay();

}

document.demo.Rewind();

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

src = "http://www.amrood.com/games/kumite.swf"

width = "318" height = "300" play = "false" loop = "false"

pluginspage = "http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"

swliveconnect = "true">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

If you are using Mozilla, Firefox or Netscape, then

JavaScript - Debugging

Every now and then, developers commit mistakes while coding. A mistake in a program or

a script is referred to as a bug.

The process of finding and fixing bugs is called debugging and is a normal part of the

development process. This section covers tools and techniques that can help you with

debugging tasks..

Error Messages in IE

The most basic way to track down errors is by turning on error information in your

browser. By default, Internet Explorer shows an error icon in the status bar when an error

occurs on the page.

Double-clicking this icon takes you to a dialog box showing information about the specific

error that occurred.

Since this icon is easy to overlook, Internet Explorer gives you the option to automatically

show the Error dialog box whenever an error occurs.

Start Stop Rewind

To enable this option, select Tools → Internet Options → Advanced tab. and then

finally check the "Display a Notification About Every Script Error" box option as

shown below −

Error Messages in Firefox or Mozilla

Other browsers like Firefox, Netscape, and Mozilla send error messages to a special

window called the JavaScript Console or Error Consol. To view the console, select

Tools → Error Consol or Web Development.

Unfortunately, since these browsers give no visual indication when an error occurs, you

must keep the Console open and watch for errors as your script executes.

Error Notikcations

Error notifications that show up on Console or through Internet Explorer dialog boxes are

the result of both syntax and runtime errors. These error notification include the line

number at which the error occurred.

If you are using Firefox, then you can click on the error available in the error console to go

to the exact line in the script having error.

How to debug a Script

There are various ways to debug your JavaScript −

Use a JavaScript Validator

One way to check your JavaScript code for strange bugs is to run it through a program

that checks it to make sure it is valid and that it follows the official syntax rules of the

language. These programs are called validating parsers or just validators for short, and

often come with commercial HTML and JavaScript editors.

The most convenient validator for JavaScript is Douglas Crockford's JavaScript Lint, which

is available for free at Douglas Crockford's JavaScript Lint.

Simply visit that web page, paste your JavaScript (Only JavaScript) code into the text area

provided, and click the jslint button. This program will parse through your JavaScript code,

ensuring that all the variable and function definitions follow the correct syntax. It will also

check JavaScript statements, such as if and while, to ensure they too follow the correct

format

Add Debugging Code to Your Programs

You can use the alert() or document.write() methods in your program to debug your

code. For example, you might write something as follows −

var debugging = true;

var whichImage = "widget";

if( debugging )

alert( "Calls swapImage() with argument: " + whichImage );

var swapStatus = swapImage( whichImage );

if( debugging )

alert( "Exits swapImage() with swapStatus=" + swapStatus );

By examining the content and order of the alert() as they appear, you can examine the

health of your program very easily.

Use a JavaScript Debugger

A debugger is an application that places all aspects of script execution under the control of

the programmer. Debuggers provide fine-grained control over the state of the script

through an interface that allows you to examine and set values as well as control the flow

of execution.

Once a script has been loaded into a debugger, it can be run one line at a time or

instructed to halt at certain breakpoints. Once execution is halted, the programmer can

examine the state of the script and its variables in order to determine if something is

amiss. You can also watch variables for changes in their values.

The latest version of the Mozilla JavaScript Debugger (code-named Venkman) for both

Mozilla and Netscape browsers can be downloaded at

http://www.hacksrus.com/~ginda/venkman

Useful Tips for Developers

You can keep the following tips in mind to reduce the number of errors in your scripts and

simplify the debugging process −

Use plenty of comments. Comments enable you to explain why you wrote the

script the way you did and to explain particularly difficult sections of code.

Always use indentation to make your code easy to read. Indenting statements

also makes it easier for you to match up beginning and ending tags, curly braces,

and other HTML and script elements.

Write modular code. Whenever possible, group your statements into functions.

Functions let you group related statements, and test and reuse portions of code

with minimal effort.

Be consistent in the way you name your variables and functions. Try using names

that are long enough to be meaningful and that describe the contents of the

variable or the purpose of the function.

Use consistent syntax when naming variables and functions. In other words, keep

them all lowercase or all uppercase; if you prefer Camel-Back notation, use it

consistently.

Test long scripts in a modular fashion. In other words, do not try to write the

entire script before testing any portion of it. Write a piece and get it to work before

adding the next portion of code.

Use descriptive variable and function names and avoid using single-character

names.

Watch your quotation marks. Remember that quotation marks are used in pairs

around strings and that both quotation marks must be of the same style (either

single or double).

Watch your equal signs. You should not used a single = for comparison purpose.

Declare variables explicitly using the var keyword.

JavaScript - Image Map

You can use JavaScript to create client-side image map. Client-side image maps are

enabled by the usemap attribute for the <img /> tag and defined by special <map> and

<area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img />

element as normal, except that it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of

the usemap attribute is the value of the name attribute on the <map> element, which you

are about to meet, preceded by a pound or hash sign.

The <map> element actually creates the map for the image and usually follows directly

after the <img /> element. It acts as a container for the <area /> elements that actually

define the clickable hotspots. The <map> element carries only one attribute, the name

attribute, which is the name that identifies the map. This is how the <img /> element

knows which <map> element to use.

The <area> element specifies the shape and the coordinates that define the boundaries of

each clickable hotspot.

The following code combines imagemaps and JavaScript to produce a message in a text

box when the mouse is moved over different parts of an image.

<html>

<head>

<title>Using JavaScript Image Map</title>

<!--

function showTutorial(name) {

document.myform.stage.value = name

Example

}

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

</form>

<img src = "/images/usemap.gif" alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap = "#tut

<area shape="poly"

coords = "74,0,113,29,98,72,52,72,38,27"

href = "/perl/index.htm" alt = "Perl Tutorial"

target = "_self"

onMouseOver = "showTutorial('perl')"

onMouseOut = "showTutorial('')"/>

<area shape = "rect"

coords = "22,83,126,125"

href = "/html/index.htm" alt = "HTML Tutorial"

target = "_self"

onMouseOver = "showTutorial('html')"

onMouseOut = "showTutorial('')"/>

<area shape = "circle"

coords = "73,168,32"

href = "/php/index.htm" alt = "PHP Tutorial"

target = "_self"

onMouseOver = "showTutorial('php')"

onMouseOut = "showTutorial('')"/>

</map>

</body>

</html>

Output

You can feel the map concept by placing the mouse cursor on the image object.

JavaScript - Browsers Compatibility

It is important to understand the differences between different browsers in order to handle

each in the way it is expected. So it is important to know which browser your web page is

running in.

To get information about the browser your webpage is currently running in, use the built-in

navigator object.

Navigator Properties

There are several Navigator related properties that you can use in your Web page. The

following is a list of the names and descriptions of each.

Sr.No.

Property & Description

appCodeName

This property is a string that contains the code name of the browser, Netscape

for Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer for Internet Explorer.

appVersion

This property is a string that contains the version of the browser as well as

other useful information such as its language and compatibility.

language

This property contains the two-letter abbreviation for the language that is used

by the browser. Netscape only.

mimTypes[]

This property is an array that contains all MIME types supported by the client.

Netscape only.

platform[]

This property is a string that contains the platform for which the browser was

compiled."Win32" for 32-bit Windows operating systems

plugins[]

This property is an array containing all the plug-ins that have been installed on

the client. Netscape only.

userAgent[]

This property is a string that contains the code name and version of the

browser. This value is sent to the originating server to identify the client.

Navigator Methods

There are several Navigator-specific methods. Here is a list of their names and

descriptions.

Browser Detection

There is a simple JavaScript which can be used to find out the name of a browser and then

accordingly an HTML page can be served to the user.

Sr.No.

Description

javaEnabled()

This method determines if JavaScript is enabled in the client. If JavaScript is

enabled, this method returns true; otherwise, it returns false.

plugings.refresh

This method makes newly installed plug-ins available and populates the plugins

array with all new plug-in names. Netscape only.

preference(name,value)

This method allows a signed script to get and set some Netscape preferences.

If the second parameter is omitted, this method will return the value of the

specified preference; otherwise, it sets the value. Netscape only.

taintEnabled()

This method returns true if data tainting is enabled; false otherwise.

<html>

<head>

<title>Browser Detection Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<!--

var userAgent = navigator.userAgent;

var opera = (userAgent.indexOf('Opera') != -1);

var ie = (userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') != -1);

var gecko = (userAgent.indexOf('Gecko') != -1);

var netscape = (userAgent.indexOf('Mozilla') != -1);

var version = navigator.appVersion;

if (opera) {

document.write("Opera based browser");

// Keep your opera specific URL here.

} else if (gecko) {

document.write("Mozilla based browser");

// Keep your gecko specific URL here.

} else if (ie) {

document.write("IE based browser");

// Keep your IE specific URL here.

} else if (netscape) {

document.write("Netscape based browser");

// Keep your Netscape specific URL here.

} else {

document.write("Unknown browser");

Example

}

// You can include version to along with any above condition.

document.write("<br /> Browser version info : " + version );

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output

Mozilla based browser

Browser version info : 5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko)

Chrome/127.0.0.0 Safari/537.36